Important MIDI Concepts
MIDI communication is based on messages called events. When a sequence of notes is played, it is internally converted into a sequence of MIDI events.
MIDI messages are collected and stored as Standard MIDI Files. A MIDI file therefore basically consists in a sequence of time-tagged events.
Attributes of MIDI Events
All events have a type, which identifies the nature of the MIDI message. There are about 40 different types of events, defining for instance the starting or ending a note, volume, the key pressure, effects, and so on (see below).
MIDI events are sent at a given date. In OM, dates are expressed in milliseconds.
MIDI events are sent to a given port and played by any device connected to it. By default, this port is port #0.
The reference number can be used to determine a device reference ID, but it's generally used in Midi files to determine the different song tracks (usually one track is used for each instrument).
There exist three different formats for MIDI files :
A Format "0" contains a single track and represents a single "song performance". One track contains the messages of the 16 channels.
A Format "1" may contain any number of tracks : the sequencer track structure is preserved. The file also a single song performance. These trasck are played simultaneously.
A Format "2" may have any number of tracks, each representing a separate song performance. Track are played sequentially. This format is rather seldom.
Track #0 is often dedicated to tempo, as well metric information, such as time signatures. These information apply to the whole set of tracks and data.
MIDI provides 16 different channels. All MIDI events are adressed to one single channel (1 - 16). However some particular events don't affect only one channel; in this case channel number is ignored.
The actual message value is defined by a number of "fields" depending on its type.
For instance, the "KeyOn" event has a pitch and velocity fields. The main event types and corresponfing fields are detailed below.
Some Important Types of MIDI Events
KeyOn and KeyOff events are the main type of MIDI events. They correspond to note activation and release on a virtual keyboard.
The attributes (or "fields") of these event are a pitch in MIDI (that is, 60=middle C, 61=C#, 62=D, etc.) and a velocity value (0-127).
The time span between a KeyOn event and a KeyOff of the same pitch defines the duration of the note.
Sometimes KeyOff events are not used in MIDI files and replaced by KeyOn events with velocity = 0
For convenience and in addtition to KeyOn and KeyOff, MidiShare adds a new type of event called "Note" which has a pitch, velocity and duration fields.
Note events are internally converted to a KeyOn and a keyOff value at playing or storing the MIDI events sequence.
The Control Change events (or CtrlChange) set control values for the different MIDI channels.
The first field of a Control Change event is a control number which selects a specific controller to set (ex. Volume, Pan, etc.)
The second field of the event is the value to set to the controller (0 – 127).
The General MIDI standard defines a set of controllers corresponding to the control numbers of Control Change events.
Controllers can also be selected in OM using the predefined selection tools.
Program Cgange events (or ProgChange) set a specific instrumental timbre (or "program") to a given channel.
The General MIDI standard list of 128 timbres and sound can be used to choose the desired sound.
Programs can also be selected in OM using the predefined selection tools.
Pitch Bend (or frequency deviations / detuning) can be controlled for a given MIDI channel with specific MIDI events of type PitchBen or PitchWheel.
PitchBend are 7 bit precision (0 to 127) while PitchWheel are 14 bits (0 to 8192). Depending on the MIDI devices, this value range may correspond to bending of +/- 1 or 2 tones/.
Remember that Pitch Bend modification apply to a whome channel and not to specific notes in this channel.
PitchBend settings allow to detune midichannels to play OM musiocal objects with microintervals. Detuned notes are dispatched in the specific channels for which PitchBen dmust be preliminarily set.
- OM 6.5 – User Manual
- About this Document...
- Introduction
- System Configuration and Installation
- Going Through an OM Session
- The OM Environment
- Visual Programming I
- Visual Programming II
- Basic Tools
- Score Objects
- Maquettes
- Sheet
- MIDI
- Introduction
- Important MIDI Concepts
- Rendering and Playback
- MIDI Objects
- Audio
- SDIF
- Lisp Programming
- Errors and Problems
